Forensic

Although we will be focusing on the forensic sciences that typically take place in a crime laboratory, there are other types of forensic sciences that are specialized and focused on a particular area. In this section, we will briefly take a look at some of these specialty areas. Forensic Pathology/Biology Pathology is a science that deals with disease. Pathologists make use of autopsies to study the tissues and other parts of the human body for diseases. An autopsy is a dissection and examination of the body, often to determine why the person died. Pathologists may study samples like blood, tissue, and urine to identify and learn more about diseases in the body. Forensic pathology is the extension of this specialty to the criminal justice system. Forensic pathology studies sudden, unexplained, and violent deaths by using autopsies to determine the cause of death in an individual. The scientists in this field may work as medical examiners or coroners. One of the tasks that a forensic pathologist might have is to determine the time of death for a body. The medical examiner or coroner may participate in the criminal investigation by evaluating the stage of decomposition in the body. Following a person's death, the muscles of the body relax and then become rigid. Rigor Mortis, as this rigidity is known, occurs within 24 hours after death and goes away after about 36 hours. Liver Mortis also happens soon after death. This condition in the body happens as the blood stops pumping through the body and settles in the parts of the body lowest to the ground. This condition occurs within the first 12 hours after death. Another condition that can help determine the time of death is algor mortis, which is the gradual cooling of the body after death. Forensic pathologists have to consider factors like where the body is, the air temperature, and the size of the body to determine the time of death from its temperature. Forensic Anthropology Forensic anthropology specializes in the identification and examination of skeletal remains. Forensic anthropologists may also be called on to help identify the victims of disasters like fires, explosions, and plane crashes, where bodies may be burned or mutilated in some way. Forensic anthropologists help determine whether bones and skeletal remains are from a long ago burial that has been unearthed or whether they are from a more recent death, that may require investigation. Many have at least some training in archaeological methods. They also examine the bones to see if they can determine what the cause of death was. They use the bones to help determine the sex, race, and age at the time of death for the individual and in some cases, where the individual was from. Some forensic anthropologists may help with facial reconstructions, which can help identify who the person is that the bones belonged to. Forensic Psychiatry Forensic psychiatry focuses on the relationship between human behavior and criminal justice. During the course of a court case, issues of competence (whether someone is competent to stand trial or be executed) and mental illness can play a role. Forensic psychiatrists and psychologists offer insight to investigators, attorneys, judges, and juries about a suspect's mental state and their understanding of the crime committed. These scientists look at the past, present, and future of individuals. For example, they may examine whether the suspect was mentally sane at the time the crime was committed. They may also examine whether an individual is competent during a trial, such as being able to cooperate with their defense. Finally, some forensic psychiatrists examine the likelihood that an offender will repeat their crime for the purposes of probation hearings. In addition, some forensic psychiatrists may create behavioral profiles in order to help law enforcement officials identify and apprehend suspects. Forensic Entomology Forensic entomology uses the study of insects to help criminal investigations. This area is often involved with helping to determine the time of death when the situation where the death occurred is unknown. When decomposition begins, blowflies infest a body, laying eggs that eventually hatch into fly larvae (maggots). The larvae help to consume the body's organs and tissues if left alone. By studying the stage of larvae development and what type of flies and insects are present, scientists can give insight into when the death occurred. Forensic Odontology Forensic odontology provides insight into the identification of individuals through their teeth. In some cases, investigators may only have the skeletal remains, including teeth, of a body. Forensic odontologists look at teeth, their alignment, and other information to help determine who the person was. They can sometimes match the dental remains to dental records of a suspected victim. Forensic odontologists may also provide insight in cases that involve bite marks, analyzing the bite to see whether it matches that of a suspect's. As you can see, there are many different areas that forensic scientists specialize in. Each of these specialties helps the criminal justice system identify crime and the suspects that have committed the crime. This module has introduced you briefly to the world of forensic science. Forensic scientists use science within the criminal justice system. They collect and analyze evidence from crime scenes, give expert testimony, and train others about collecting evidence.

Guy Montag Change Essay

Change is a big factor of life, without changes we are like robots. Sometimes we change to adapt, change for a cause, change to be a better person, change for a better living, and some time change for fun. Similarly in the novel Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury changes his main character Guy Montag throughout the novel. He uses other characters to bring changes into Montag’s life. Montag is a fire man, not a fireman who puts fire out rather who works under Captain Beatty to burn books, and houses. In the beginning of the movie he just follows order and burns books but as the novel goes he changes himself to be a better person. Firstly, Clarisse seventeen years old girl, Montag is introduced to in the novel bring several changes in his life. She teaches him how to love and express his thoughts. In the beginning he doesn’t think much to care about anything, but Clarisse teaches him love nature. He never even thinks let alone expressing his thoughts, But Clarisse changes him to look differently and to express them to change him to be a better person. â€Å"It’s just I love to watch people too much†¦ Sometimes I ride the subway all day and look at them and listen to them.† Second is Mildred, Montag’s wife who just watches T.V shows with her friend all the time. She was like the rest of the society, who was bored with life and tried to commit suicide. She sort of holds Montag back from changing, reading books. As his wife she had more effect on him than anyone else in the beginning.

Small business

A small business with little or no clientele will not need a customer database built because they lack customers. Also, it will not be worthwhile if they do not have a website to practice their database marketing strateAn independent contractor does not need a customer database because their work is done through referrals or through direct contact with different companies. Some companies or individuals never ask for assistance after projects are done correctly. Affiliation marketing techniques involve referrals as well as small businesses with little or no clientele.The formation of a database will wastes their time if the company does not have a system in place to arrange leads. This leads into the mobile vendors such as lunch trucks that visit from area to area without a known list of consumers.These businesses run off good faith and building a customer database is not worthwhile to increase their profits. Also, small companies with a small or no inventory offering will have no use of a database because their products are not sold extensively.Companies must address other issues such as a lack of marketing capabilities to associate referrals made by consumers or providing information indirectly to prospects. With this in mind, real estate companies do not use client databases because they offer their services once for a purchase of a home.In reality, many companies do not use databases because their services are not needed after extravagant or emergency occurrences are done.

Can event management education in the UK successfully prepare for Literature review

Can event management education in the UK successfully prepare for industry professionals of the future - Literature review Example . Types of event management: McDonnell I (1999) says that in order to be successful in the field of event management, no matter what department of specialization one needs certain qualities which are as follows: Negotiating skills. Creative skills. Convincing skills. Coordinating skills. Planning skills. Executing and implementing skills. According to Royal C (1998) there is a list of the varied events that are organized by the cross section of event companies: Business events, Corporate events. Cause related events, Coordinating skills, Fundraising events, Exhibitions, Trade fairs, The Structure of the events industry: Foley P (1996) says that the rapid growth of events in the past decade led to the formation of an identifiable event industry with its own practitioners, suppliers and professional associations. The emergence of the industry has involved the identification and refinement of a discrete body of knowledge of the industry’s best practice accompanied by a period of rapid globalization of markets and communication which has affected the nature of and trends within the industry. Further it has been accompanied by an era of increasing government regulation, which has resulted in a complex and demanding operational environment. The following section describes the key components of the event industry. Begrudge G (2006) says that the events are often staged or hosted by event organizations which may be event specific bodies such as the Harrogate International Festival or the Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts. Other events are run by special teams within larger organizations such as BBC Good Food Show organized by BBC Haymarket Exhibitions or ITMA 2003 which was organized by a team within the NEC Group. Corporate Events are often organized by in-house event teams or by project teams within the companies that are putting on the event. Event management education and Training: According to Walters P (2008) as the size and the needs of the event industry have grown event management training has started to emerge as a discrete discipline. In the early years of the industry the field was characterized by a large number of volunteers. Those event managers who obtained paid positions came from a variety of related disciplines, drawing on their knowledge gained form that discipline and skills learnt on the job. As industry has grown a lot and government is allocating funds for event management industry, this leads a high demand of professional and educated event managers. Event management seems to be an easy job but without having a professional degree, sometimes it becomes really tough to defend the situation. Students have great opportunities after achieving event management degree. Client comes in a company with raw ideas, only a professional event manager can understand their ideas correctly. There is a process that needs to be followed by event managers for confirming the requirements of the client. Students achi eving degree of event management has great opportunities in market as event management is becoming a bright career for them. Now it becomes possible by the event managers to change client dream in reality about their events i.e. concert,

Technology In Education Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Technology In Education - Term Paper Example Basic Definition and Application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) A geographic information system is a package consisting of four basic parts: an adequately powered computer, software (built-in procedures and instructions), geographic data (in a variety of formats), and the accessing and using the data (Schuurman, 2004). In the broadest sense, GIS can be defined as a powerful set of computer-based tools for collecting, storing, retrieving and displaying spatial information (Schuurman, 2004). Another way of saying this is that GIS is a tool for mapping and analyzing what is and what happens on earth. However, GIS is more than "computer maps" - it provides the power to link databases and maps and to show dynamic displays. More significant is that it gives the user the tools to imagine, explore or investigate, and overlay databases in ways that are not possible with traditional spreadsheets. Education, government, and business use GIS to improve on making their decisions and on m anaging the information.Why Use GIS In the Classroom The robust hardware, powerful software, spatial data can be powerful tools for an active explorer. Schools can take advantage of this "new geography" in many ways (McMaster and Usery, 2005). With relatively little financial investment by a school, GIS can be incorporated into current curricula, at each grade level and subject. GIS can give support and increase the value of existing activities and does not need a separate and 'isolated place in the curricula. With GIS the teacher and students have a new means to look at and analyze information. Also, the student's higher order thinking skills (e.g., observing, questioning, exploring, evaluating) can become a focus (McMaster and Usery, 2005). However, even more, significant than the powerful technology and tools with GIS, there is a wholly new emphasis and opportunity in the educational philosophy or paradigm for increasing individual exploration (NCSU.edu, 2002). In everyday life, answers are defined by people's questions and the parameters that are given. At present GIS software and data do not provide "the" answer. Instead, GIS offers ways to look at alternative responses to situations and problems that are specific (ESRI, 1998; ESRI, 2008). Interdisciplinary projects can be one important and effective use of GIS: mathematics, social studies, language arts, science are some examples of how this system can be helpful for the exploration of students. However, to relate GIS to the curriculum of these and other fields, there must be the "dimension" of a "location" that can be explored. An example of how GIS can be used in an interdisciplinary way is the use of a middle school teacher in North Carolina, Barbara Duke. This teacher used this technology to create a project for the students in a literature unit on Mark Twain. This unit could be related to Mark Twain's travels. The students of her class tracked the distance of Twain's travels by using tools of the ESRI Arc Voyager Project and. probed the database to find places located throughout the world where the author had traveled (NCSU.edu, 2002). Schools can employ GIS across the curriculum to engage students and teachers in the

Internet usage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet usage - Essay Example Today, the negative impacts of increasing internet use reduce the scope of internet to a notable extent. This paper will perform a cause and effect analysis of the internet usage. Effects of internet usage According to Wilder, one of the most noticeable effects of increased internet usage is that it promotes socialization, which is a dynamic learning process whereby individuals and organizations change over time (204). Since internet influences cultural transitions, this global network significantly contributes to the pace of socialization. Since internet allows users to interact with people from various cultures, individuals obtain the opportunity to learn more about different cultural practices, norms, and beliefs. However, it is often observed that people use internet to abuse other cultures emotionally rather than to adopt from the good aspects of those cultures. Hence, sometimes internet promotes a negative socialization process due to its unfair usage. Evidently, high rate of i nternet usage has greatly benefited people to be independent as it helps people to attain knowledge without any external assistance. Today, professors do not need to provide teaching notes to students since there is a bundle of relevant information available in the internet. Although this condition may improve students’ academic efficiency, overdependence on internet would sometimes result in adverse academic results. For instance, every piece of information provided in the internet may not be correct or accurate as every person is free to post his writings or personal views on the internet. Hence, wrong or misleading information would often cause troubles to an individual’s academic career. Another positive benefit of internet is that it provides employment to millions of people. Due to the increased internet usage, the scope of internet based jobs is still increasing and this situation gives hope to a global economy struggling from the recent global recession. At som e particular levels, the negative effects of internet outweigh the internet’s positive effects. To illustrate, cyber-terrorism significantly diminishes the scope of internet. The internet based terrorist activities such as deliberate disruption of computer networks cause serious consequences in the cyber world. Professional hacker teams use computer viruses to obtain unauthorized access to an organization’s or a country’s confidential data. Under such circumstances, the victim may sustain serious damages or losses which in turn would outweigh the anticipated benefits from those data. In addition, studies point out that porn websites and other violence promoting factors in internet result in social as well as cultural disintegration. Finally, the growing popularity of social networking websites like Facebook causes time wastage, and hence the overall productivity declines. As Lukoff points out, â€Å"exposing children and youth to video games and the internet of ten does not engage their major learning style that is through their sensorimotor system, and thus have negative effects on their cognitive development† Lukoff, 104). Causes of internet usage While discussing the dramatically increasing internet browsing data, it can be undoubtedly stated that need of information is the most important factor boosting worldwide internet usage. It is clear that internet is a potential source for every kind of information under the sun. The internet meets the information needs of each and every category of people,

The New Strategy by the Seven-Eleven Stores Essay

The New Strategy by the Seven-Eleven Stores - Essay Example This will paralyze the distribution and meet the customer’s needs. The new strategy was anchored on demand, which was seasonal and was dependent on the new products thus this faced the risk of collapsing when the season was over. In addition, the decision-making process is made within three days, which means some decisions can contribute to business collapse as some decisions needed a lot of time (Akira 2003, p.66). Â  The Seven Eleven Company in Japan employed the use of the integrated store information system that aimed at simplifying its mode of operations. The installed information system connected each outlet, distribution stores, suppliers, and the headquarters of the company. The company in1991 developed two-way and online communication that enabled the company to link with their suppliers and customers’. In 2007, the Seven-Eleven introduced internet shopping that enabled the company to meet their customers online by enabling the customers to buy the products online that were not in their retail shops. This online service solved the problem of transportation while delivering goods to their clients situated in various parts of Japan. The distribution system of the company was flexible enough to change their delivery services to their clients thus meeting their demand (Akira 2003, p.67).This provided the customers with the element of convenience since they could not travel to retail shops to make purchases. The company further concentrated on regional merchandizing thus enabling them to meet their customer preferences easily.

School leadership. Is transformational leadership really effective in Essay

School leadership. Is transformational leadership really effective in schools - Essay Example While the former is predominantly an â€Å"instructional† style of leadership while a transformational approach tends to be more team based. In applying different models of leaders and various approaches to leadership, there has been a general consensus that school leadership differs from organizational leadership, hence a team based approach may be more suitable. School leadership essentially needs to combine leadership and management capabilities. Everard and Morris(1990) have laid out five stages of management, wherein setting goals, planning and organizing resources for the achievement of goals and implementing control and corrective procedures are important in achieving the desired objectives. In the context of transformational leadership styles, Bolman and Deal (1997) are of the view that â€Å"Poorly managed organizations with strong, charismatic leaders may soar temporarily only to crash shortly thereafter.† (Bolman and Deal,1997: xiii-xiv). In the international context, cultural implications may also need to be taken into consideration in determining what kind of leadership style would be relevant. On the basis of the above, the research question examined in this study is whether a transformational leadership style is really effective in schools?

Research Paper Why Gay Marriage should be banned Moral Argument Essay

Research Paper Why Gay Marriage should be banned Moral Argument - Essay Example sary in this conflict is a new arsenal of weaponry: one which neither relies upon the rejection of natural law nor upon steadfast religious conservatism. The problem regarding the latter is that it cannot provide the justification needed, in argument, to prove the incorrectness of the opposite side’s view. That is, religious arguments against same-sex marriage are mere opinion, or, as Plato called it: doxa (Bourdieu). The problem regarding the former—a rejection of natural law—will be dealt with later on. So, instead of relying on old and tried arguments, this discussion will hope to achieve consensus with a new account of why such marriage rites are morally reprehensible—an account which does not rely on any theological groundwork. The hope will be to use a theory of natural law, one which dates back over two millennia, to prove that there is no â€Å"natural goodness† inherent in same-sex marriage. This entails a detailed examination of reality to determine the metaphysical truth on which we will ground moral claims and establish them as irrefutable. In the end, it shall be proven beyond a reasonable doubt that same-sex marriage violates natural law—a moral theory based on the dictates of reality—and must not be allowed. Firstly, however, an account of the natural law tradition is necessary. â€Å"Natural law theory†, indeed, has been labeled on a variety of theories of civil law, theories of ethics (both religious and secular), and theories of politics. The focus here, of course, will be on natural law theories of secular ethics, and although the discussion will involve St. Thomas Aquinas, none of Aquinas’ metaphysical (or theological) views shall be considered. Knowing this, the thesis of natural law theory in ethics is that natural law makes the foundational principles of practical rationality for mankind, and it possesses such status by nature. The thought that natural law creates the foundational principles of practical rationality implies that

Cramond Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cramond Report - Essay Example The numbers on the west side the causeways were not too much lower than the numbers on the east side of the causeway. However, the numbers on the west side of the causeway were noticeably lower than the numbers on the Eastside the caused way the researchers expected to find the numbers to be almost identical as they were on Wednesday and Friday for the Eastside the causeway. On the west side the causeway for Wednesday the mean was 20.0, and on Friday the mean for the west side of the causeway was 25.2. This is something that the researchers did not expect finds. The number of animals in the causeway increased slightly between Wednesday and Friday. The possible reason for the unexpected finding on the west side the causeway between Wednesday and Friday is that the salinity on the west side of the causeway was in incubation on Wednesday, and by Friday the salinity had hatched leaving more salinity in the causeway for the researchers to count. The difference the researchers found in hav ing slight variations in the numbers between the west side of the causeway and the Eastside the causeway could be, because the temperatures are warmer on the east side of the causeway, then they are on the west side the causeway.

Water pollution in Washington DC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Water pollution in Washington DC - Essay Example Recent studies have shown that the water in the river of Washington DC has been found to be extremely contaminated. The wildlife is suffering from this polluted water to such an extent that the fish are displaying instability in their traits. Poor sewerage systems and outdated treatment processes in the metropolitans throughout all the inhabited continents of the world has created inconvenience for the residents of these metropolitan cities of the world and the rivers are extremely polluted as a result making the river water inappropriate for consumption. It is not just the humans who have been affected as a result of this ignorance on the part of the authorities but also the wildlife. Although a majority of the major metropolitan cities have been slow to react to the developments such as population increase and geographic expansions, one of the most prominent and most affected cities as a result of water pollution is Washington DC. This is why I am writing in this newspaper in order to highlight the areas where these problems are at their worst and how these issues can be addressed by the government authorities as well as on a private basis. A huge proportion of the sewage and contaminated water has been disposed off into rivers which pollutes the water and makes it unusable and medically disastrous for those who consume the river water as well as the wildlife. Recent studies have shown that the water in the river of Washington DC has been found to be extremely contaminated. The wildlife is suffering from this polluted water to such an extent that the fish are displaying instability in their traits. Many fish have even been found out to be intersex in nature. By intersex in this case means that many male fish have shown signs of feminine fertility. This is something of a great worry for the authorities as this means that not only the water in these rivers is bad for human health but also these fish are unfit for consumption by the people. Research studies have shown that many of the sample male fish of the rivers of Washington DC have displayed mixed sexual behaviors and patterns such as sign of fertility in the testes of male fish (Goldenberg). Authorities on often occasions have tried to curtail this pollution process of the river water but their efforts have gone in vain so far. Either the authorities do not consider the problems to the right measure or they are short of resources and planning to solve this problem. The sewerage system working right now in Washington DC is extremely outdated and unable to fulfill the demands of the current population. The system that has been running the sewage water to the treatment plant and further was installed in the 1960’s and at that time, the population of the city was very low when it is compared to the current population. The treatment system is simply not good or updated enough to fulfill the demands of the current era. The Washington DC has a Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) system ins talled which means that when the rainfall is at its peak, this system is up and running and it has a lot of water to carry to the treatment plant and eventually into the river. The system carries water from the rain which then flows into these drains and the sewage water as well. When the water pressure in this drainage system is very high, the water inflow exceeds the capacity of the sewage water treatment plant and thus much of the water overflows and the untreated water flow into the river. It has been estimated that around 52 million gallons of untreated sewage water flows into the river at an annual basis (Rock Creek Conservancy). This is an alarming figure since this much toxic water is capable enough of destroying the purity of the river in the long run. As I have mentioned earlier, the authorities have shown little interest in improving this situation either due to their ignorance or that they are short of resources to be allocated to this sector. However sooner or later, th e related government departments, NGO’s and the general public will have to realize that this ignorance will cost the city and the people themselves very dearly. Therefore, the concerned authorities

Character and plot Essay Example for Free

Character and plot Essay Discuss the ways in which Arthur Miller uses the characters of Alfieri to highlight cultural differences and to develop the audiences understanding of theme, character and plot. Arthur Millers A View from The Bridge uses a character called Alfieri to introduce characters, the plot and theme of the story. Alfieri is an Italian American meaning he was born in Italy and immigrated to American to work. . He is a man of his 50s and in this story, not only does he play the role of a character, but also a narrator. He makes us aware of the cultural differences between American and Italian culture through his opinions. He works as a lawyer; from this we can immediately tell he is educated and very wise. The immigration law changed in 1921-1924. This law only allowed people from Britain, Ireland and Scandinavia to migrate to America. This resulted to illegal immigration. A view from the Bridge is about the movement of immigrants migrating from Italy to America. They moved because of the American Dreams which was people from other countries going to America to start a new life and earn a good living full of opportunities. The Italian migration happened mainly between 1820-1920. More than 4 million Italian people moved to America. Brooklyn Bridge and its surrounding areas are used as the setting of the play. The word Gullet is used by Alfieri to describe the place where they live. The word is a metaphor and it creates an atmosphere that is not very pleasant to live in. Alfieris first speech introduces the background information of Italians. Italians would hardly ask a lawyer for help because in Italian culture lawyers are not good news, they are considered to be connections to disasters. The honest and trustworthy Italians can be quite revengeful. They solve their own situations by taking matters into their own hands. Although Italians are settling into America their two cultures remain diverse. Repetition of the words Distrust, Law and Justice by Alfieri signifies them and the even suggests that the plot is based on these words. Alfieri understands both Italian and American culture and can conclude in his last speech how he feels about Eddie and what he has done. From the start Alfieri hinted that the ending of the play wasnt going to be a happy one. He says and sat there as powerless as I, and watched it run its bloody course. From that, we can sense doom and that is why this play is a Greek tragedy. Eddie, Catherine, Marco use a lot of slang type sentences where as Alfieri uses long, well punctuated and sophisticated sentences. This linguistic technique makes the audience understand what is happened if they do not follow what Catherine, Eddie, Beatrice, Marco and Rodolpho are saying. The use of short, simple sentences spoken by the other characters makes the situation more realistic, makes the audience awake because it is very fast and the characters speak more often. Arthur Miller also uses a lot of exclamation marks so that the sentences are more interesting and so that the actors know when to shout or act exaggerated, this is a very good technique. With the use of exclamation mark the sentence gets energy. There is more attention than if there were long sentences. In the play there are four main characters. Eddie (a protagonist), Catherine, Beatrice and Alfieri. Eddie, a protagonist, meaning that he commits an offence without knowing it; he then learns his fault and usually results in death or suffering. He gains Alfieris sympathy towards the end of the play. Eddie loves Catherine not only as a niece but also as a daughter and a friend and Alfieri knows this. Eddie was over protective and loved Catherine too much which proved to be fatal. Alfieri knows that Eddie does not want to any one to take her away from him, but on the other hand, she does not belong to him. He says And yet, it is better to settle for half, it must be! Marco kills Eddie in Act 2. We do not know if he intended to or if it was for self-protection but in a way, this is revenge. When he was talking to Alfieri, he says In my country he would be dead by no. He would not live this long. Alfieri understands how he feels but tells him not to kill. He is in America right now and such a deed can result to a life sentence. He says To promise not to kill is not dishonourable. Italians are not as civilised as Americans but this is one of the cultural differences between the two diverse cultures. Arthur Miller includes many stage directions leaving the director making up more of their own directions. Alfieri plays the part of a character and a narrator making him A view from the bridge because he is looking and dealing with the situation and also telling the story as if it happened yesterday, this helps him to tell the story and give opinions making the audience aware, have a better understanding of the play, the characters and the plot. The moral of this story suggested by Alfieri is we should be satisfied with half if not the whole amount.

The Physical Discipline Of Children

The Physical Discipline Of Children To raise a child of any age comes with many difficulties for caregivers. Most parents strive towards raising children that are responsible, independent and respectable. There are a few schools of thought to disciplining children. One may be to apply discipline by teaching and the other to physically discipline a child as a means to correcting inappropriate behaviors. The Encarta Concise English dictionary defines discipline as To teach somebody to obey rules or to behave in an ordered or controlled way (Discipline, 2001, p. 409). Physical discipline is based on the use of fear as the motivator to changing a childs behavior. Behaviors that do not result in significant physical injury (i.e. spank, slap) are considered corporal punishment, whereas behaviors that risk injury (i.e. punching, kicking, burning) are considered physical abuse (Gershoff, 2002) Parents who use either form of physical discipline with children need to understand the damaging effects it can have on a childs emotio nal, moral and social development. Emotional Development A childs self esteem is developed through caregivers offering encouragement, acknowledgement and nurturing their range of emotions. Recognition of emotion is particularly important because it represents the early utilization of social cues on which childrens subsequent interpretation and behavioral responses will depend. (Cicchetti, Hormung, Pollak, Reed, 2000, p. 680) Using physical discipline as the motivator for altering a childs behavior affects their emotional stability. Being slapped or spanked is a frightening and threatening event that arouses strong negative emotions such as humiliation, sadness, and anger.(Straus, 2005, p.145) The use of punitive measures is in direct opposition to what disciplining is meant to achieve and may affect a childs development. They may be slow to reach milestones in social and physical development. (Crosson-Tower, 2004, p.191) Physical discipline affects the childs feelings of acceptance and they tend to respond with destructive impulses, rathe r than positive responses. Children and adults reared in abuse have had their senses trained in such a way that to use them for receiving or transmitting positive messages is not part of their communications system. (Helfer, 1980, p.38) Parents and caregivers need to help the child develop self confidence, self reliance and self discipline. Children who recognize self efficacy by being offered simple choices begin to develop moral insight. Moral Development Discipline, whether positive or negative, develops a childs perception of themselves and defines their moral understanding of how they should behave. A child who learns hitting is acceptable may be confused, because in many other areas of their life; school, daycare and recreational activities, hitting is unacceptable. It is in direct contradiction to what they learn at home which in turn becomes a value. In addition, children exposed to physical discipline are more susceptible to becoming abusers themselves (Newman, 1993). Parents who are not armed with the proper parenting tools become frustrated and angry about controlling their childrens behavior. Straus (2005) says, spanking has roots in two cultural myths; one, spanking is okay if done by a loving parent and two, spanking will work if all other methods of discipline fail (p. 140-141). Parents who understand their childrens ability to internalize all discipline measures, also realize they are developing their childrens values. C hildrens internalization of morals is thought to be enhanced by parental discipline strategies that use, minimal parental power, promote choice and autonomy and provide explanations for desirable behaviors (Gershoff, 2002, p. 1) The short term consequences of physical discipline will undermine the childs developing moral understanding and further debilitates their social development. Social Development The expression of abuse with a physically disciplined child becomes apparent when their interaction reveals itself by their behavior with other children. A child who is physically disciplined at home is traumatized. A study conducted by Marin Beezly (1977) suggests that children were more alert to their environment and cautious of peripheral danger around them (p. 375). Therefore, the resulting animosity that has built up is misdirected to whomever the child comes into contact with outside of the home which is usually learning centers such as schools. In a research study conducted by Eckenroder, Doris Laird (1993) reportings on pre-school children demonstrated that children who have been physically disciplined showed aggressiveness and were more likely to be disciplined from teachers than children who have not been mistreated (p.54). Children who are unable to cope with their pent-up aggression react in a negative way in the school environment. For the abused child, the lack of soc ial responsiveness becomes more striking. (Tower, 2002, p. 49) The physically disciplined child who matures and enters high school with multiple disturbed behaviors reveals other social and psychological impairments. Insecure attachments to their mothers, lower intelligence scores, impaired language development, lower levels of cognitive maturity and effectance motivation, more negative affect and less positive effect, less pro-social behavior, and more aggressive and non-compliant behavior. (Eckenroder, Doris and Laird. 1993. p.57). Therefore, the initial bond between child and parent is vital in the development of the child. A strong child-to-parent bond is important because children are more likely to accept parental restrictions and follow parental standards if there is a bond of affection with the parent. (Straus, 2005, p. 146). If the trust is diminished from their primary source, namely the communication between parent and child, the bond and relationship is strained. Thus, a childs friendship with other children, siblings and even family members are greatly affected which causes anxiety with the child. Conclusion In summation, the raising of children presents many challenges for caregivers. The goal of raising children to be responsible, independent and respectable individuals is an arduous task. In the teaching method of disciplining, a goal is to strengthen self discipline and personal control so that caregivers relieve themselves of parenting by the time the offspring leaves home. To reach these goals, parents must make sure their children learn the skills involved in problem solving and making decisions. Conversely, correcting inappropriate behaviors by physically disciplining children have long term consequences which will greatly hinder the childs development as they mature. The short term results of physical discipline on a childs development manifests long term effects, characterized by low self esteem coupled with morals which contradict the values of society. Annotated Bibliography Beezly, P., Harold Martin, P. (1997, June). Behavioural observations of abused children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 19, 373-387. Retrieved from http://ibs.colorado.edu/cspv/infohouse/violit/violitDetails.php?recordnumber=3191vio_nam=violit A behavioural observation of abused children is an article derived from Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, written by Patricia Beezly and Harold Martin. The article focus on how childrens development is directly affected by being physically disciplined by their parents or caregivers. The authors appear to support the claim that children should not be physically discipline by using case studies and statistics. Cicchetti, D., Hormung, K., Pollak, S. D., Reed, A. (2000). Recognizing emotion in faces: Developmental effects of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 677-688. Retrieved from http://psych.wisc.edu/pollak/pdfs/recognizing_emotion_faces_devpsych.pdf. This article is a study by Cicchetti, Hormung, Pollak and Reed with the hypothesis being the lack of recognizing certain emotions as a direct correlation to physical discipline. Utilizing social cues and how the child interprets and responds to them is important for their development and further predicates the childs familiarity of negative environments. The writer understands the premise however the stats seemed weak in respects to differentiating between normal treated children and physically disciplined children, yet clearly neglected children showed the least responsiveness to the tests. Nevertheless, the outcome supports the paper in regards to physical discipline affecting the physicality of children to their reaction of emotions. Crosson-Tower, C., (2004). Exploring child welfare: A Practice Perspective. Pearson Education, Inc. Cynthia Crosson-Tower, examines the protection of children in chapter 7 titled Protecting Children When Families Cannot-Child Abuse and Neglect. Her premise, non accidental injury inflicted on a child defines the quintessential meaning of physical abuse to children. In reference to the paper, the writer needed to support the argument of physical discipline being detrimental to the development of childhood milestones. Discipline. (2001). Encarta concise english dictionary. London. The definition of the word Discipline was found in the Encarta Concise English Dictionary. The relevance of the term being added to the research paper is so the reader has an accurate meaning of the conveyed idea. Eckenroder, J., Doris, J., Laird, M. (1993). School performances and disciplinary problems Among abused and neglected children. Development Psychology, 29(1), 53-62. Retrieved from http:// http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00121649. Eckenroder, Laird and Doris ascertained data from a school and examined stats from kindergarten to grade 12 in their study. The study, for instance revealed the personalities of pre-schoolers as aggressive and requiring more attention from the teachers. The writer found the study helpful to the paper in supporting that physical discipline is exposed upon contact with learning centers such as daycares and schools. Gershoff, E. T. ( 2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated behaviors and Experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128 (4), 539-579. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539 This review paper by Gershoff anticipates the use of physical discipline or corporal punishment as detrimental to child behaviors and experiences as relative to pain. The review was helpful in defining how the study differentiated between corporal punishment and physical abuse, yet the bias was supported by Gershoffs findings. Kemp, C.H. Helfer, R.E. (Eds.) (1980). The Battered Child (3rd. Ed.). Chicago:University of Chicago Press. In chapter 3 titled Developmental Deficits Which Limit Interpersonal Skills, of the text The Battered Child, Ray Helfer explores how senses vital to our development can be affected by abuse. Senses are developed by the childs environment and when these external forces are not positive and safe the child suppresses and mutes their own development. Helfers focal points on interpersonal skills such as delayed gratification, responsibility, decision making, problem solving, trusting others, feelings and action are affected by childhood deficits. Newman, F. (1993). Children in Crisis. Scholastic Canada. Children in Crisis, is a book written by Fran Newman. It covers topics on different types of child abuse, precipitating factors to the events leading to abuse and the impact on family dynamics. This book was somewhat helpful, although the focus appeared to be more on family structure and values, rather than how child abuse directly affects a childs self esteem and other developmental stages. Straus, M.A. (2005). Children should never, ever, be spanked no matter what the circumstances. In D. R. Loseke, R. J. Gelles M. M Cavanaugh (Eds.), Current Controversies about Family Violence (2nd ed., 137-157). Thousand Oak, CA: Sage. Retrieved from http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/CP67%20Children%20Should%20Never%20be%20Spanked.pdf This article written by Murray Straus was located through Google Scholars search engine. The author presented relevant and accurate information on the topic of child development and the ineffectiveness of physical discipline on children. Although the article was interesting, the use of language and vocabulary may present an entry level university student with great difficulty when attempting to read and retain the information. Tower, C. (2002). Understanding child abuse and neglect. ( 5th ed.). Boston, MA: USA Cynthia Crosson-Towers in chapter 3 Maltreatment and the Developing Child, studies early childhood development. Infants that have not had the stimuli of care do not reach the required milestones outlined for that age. Milestones, as a standard measurement for development has shown that it is vital that children reach each phase and move onto the next phase for proper development. The material covered in the text was succinct and clear for the understanding of childhood development.

Ecological Models in Psychology: Overview and Application

Ecological Models in Psychology: Overview and Application Ecological models encompass an evolving body of theory and research concerned with the course and conditions that oversee the lifelong course of human development in their actual environment. Following the diagrammatical illustration of Bronfenbrenner’s social ecological theory, is a personal reflection of my childhood as it relates to the five spheres of ecological influence. This is followed by a reflection on the importance of understanding context for training counsellors, ending the paper with an indebt description of what I have learned so far regarding the distinctiveness in the South African context. Bronfenbrenner’s Social Ecological Theory Bronfenbrenner (1979) defines development as the individual’s growing conception of the ecological environment, their relation to it, as well as their evolving capacity to discover, maintain, or amend its properties. According to Bronfenbrenner (1989), development and socialization are subject to five spheres of influence with which a person is in dynamic interface. Microsystem The microsystem comprises the developing persons closest surroundings assembled from three basic factors comprising position, interpersonal relations, and pattern of activities (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). Common microsystems evident in my childhood include: living with my unautocratic mother for the first half of my childhood which provided me with a loving childhood environment; living with my authoritarian father for the second half of my childhood which exposed me to various forms of family conflict, negatively impacting my school performance; and the incredibly hostile relationship with my older sibling which impaired my sense of self-worth and confidence. Mesosystem The mesosystem comprise the connections and processes proceeding between microsystems containing the developing person (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). Common mesosystems evident in my childhood include: my mother cheering for me at sporting events which enhanced my sense of self-efficacy; the frequent communication between my school teachers and parents during their divorce, which insured we received additional attention and care safeguarding against the impact of their divorce; and my father being a member of the patrolling team in the neighbourhood created a safer environment for me to grow up in. Exosystem The exosystem refers to the communal setting or organisation beyond the person’s immediate experience, both formal and informal, that influence the developing person (Hook, 2009). Common exosystems evident in my childhood include: my father working overseas for many months at a time which caused considerable conflict within the family; deficient municipality services in my hometown which left us without water and electricity on numerous occasions; and the district police and neighbourhood watch working together to increase the responsiveness to crime and violence in my hometown, which made me feel safe and secure in my neighbourhood. Macrosystem The macrosystem encompass the overarching ideology, principles, laws, policies, and customs of a given culture (Keenan, 2002). Common macrosystems evident in my childhood include: my Christian faith which influenced how I relate and respond to the outside world; the ongoing racism in South Africa which made me feel incredibly unwelcome in my own country; and the culture of violence and crime in South Africa which limited my freedom to move around, making me increasingly distrustful of others. Chronosystem The chronosystem explains that probability, personal choice, and context influence members differently over time, and that lives are linked and families constituted by social interdependence (Elder, 1995). Common chronosystems evident in my childhood include: the divorce of my parents which left me feeling vulnerable and isolated; my father remarrying which caused considerable division and hostility among family members; and my mother emigrating to Australia, which left me feeling isolated, and deprived of the emotional support I needed as a child. Importance of Understanding Context for Training Counsellors The effects of Apartheid impacted all South African citizens; however it did so in very dissimilar ways (Bray et al., 2010). Families classified as African experienced the most pernicious effects, seeing that both physical and psychological integrity of family life were undermined through the Apartheid state policies (Bray et al., 2010). As pointed out by Arredondo (1999), people bring to counselling worldviews and connections that are subjected to these types of experiences, which influences the person’s attitude and belief about both self and others. For this reason, South African counsellors need to work in a counselling modality that makes provision for the acknowledgement and appreciation of Black clients’ common history of White oppression, the resentment this generates, the counsellor’s own response to that antipathy, and the impact this has on the counselling relationship (Spangenberg, 2003). Traditional African custom and belief play a significant role in defining psychological problems (Juma, 2011). The corporal complaints, behavioural symptoms, emotional problems, hallucinations and misfortunes reflect the relation with African worldviews on health and well-being (Juma, 2011). The implication of this conclusion is that a Western based counsellor in a therapeutic relationship with a client whose psychological problems are informed by traditional beliefs and practices, might misinterpret the client’s worldviews and unduly struggle to provide a relevant diagnosis and intervention for the client (Juma, 2011). Important considerations in determining what types of treatment might work best in a given situation entails the client’s context and perspective, as it emanates from their cultural heritage, socio-economic status, and racial assemblage (Austin, 2012). Where the Western perspective relies heavily on talking therapy, the African traditional perspective takes the liability of resolving the problem away from the client by performing rituals, which occasionally involves family members, both alive and deceased (Juma, 2011). One therefore cannot ignore the important role of traditional healing when addressing cross-cultural counselling, as this form of support plays a vital role in traditional African life (Bodibe, 1992; Swartz, 1998). In addition, respecting the client’s culture should embrace aspects such as; making or avoiding eye contact, who should sit, stand, or walk first, and how a woman should converse with a man and vice versa (Du Toit, Grobler Schenck, 1998). It is also important for trained counsellors to examine their own worldviews and cultural biases that have the potential to influence the therapeutic environment, either consciously or unconsciously (Du Toit et al., 2001). In the South African context, a major hindrance in the way of effective counselling is the language difference between counsellor and client (Spangenberg, 2003). According to Maiello (1990), words do not have equal value in African cultures as in verbal communication in Western traditions. In addition, a great deal of communication in African tradition is symbolized through singing, dancing, rituals and ceremonies (Maiello, 1990). One of the implications of this is a possible disruption in communication between the counsellor and client, with the result that the establishment of rapport, being the primary step in building a therapeutic relationship, is greatly affected (Juma, 2011). Juma (2011) warns that the lack of proper understanding of the client’s use of language may lead the counsellor to unduly regard some behaviour or experiences as pathological, and to the incorrect diagnosis of their clients’ condition. There is evidence that a person’s cultural background influences every facet of infirmity experience, from linguistic arrangement and content of delusions (Karno Jenkins, 1993) to the inimitable meaning of expressed emotion (Kleinman, 1988). Therefore, it is crucial to regard the cultural background of individuals as well as their exposure to cultural change, in order to develop accurate inferences of pathology and to recognize existing disorders (Westermeyer Janca, 1997). In the traditional African worldview, Ubuntu constitute an intrinsic part of rural African life (Spangenberg, 2003). Broodryk (1996) defined ubuntu as a communal way of life that believe humanity must be run for the sake of all, requiring collaboration, sharing, and liberality. A client rooted in this approach, seeking the services of a Western based counsellor is likely to be disgruntled when such a counsellor focuses on him/her as a target of intervention instead of focussing on the system (Juma, 2011). Bronfenbrenner (1979) argues that to understand human development one needs to examine multi-person systems of interaction that are not limited to a single setting. Consequently, counsellors must recognise the impact on the whole family system when a member suffers from a mental disease. In these circumstances, responsible members are faced with many challenges including: the implications of the emotional and practical support needed for the client; their own complex emotional reactions to the situation; the impact on interpersonal relations; the financial burden placed on family members; and ultimately the stigma and social discrimination experienced in that given cultural context (Jonker Greef, 2009). Distinctiveness of the South African Context Socio-cultural advances in psychology, as demonstrated by the works of Vygotsky and Bakhtin, provides the necessary tools to critically explore the notion that psychological processes such as self-understanding emanate from the social basis of life (Mkhize, 2004). Vygotsky argued that ontogenesis proceed from social, cultural and historical forms of life (Mkhize, 2004). Therefore, higher mental function are arbitrated by cultural tools, namely, the forms of life that is reflected in activities such as plays, hymns, and cultural narratives, which are ultimately internalised to govern our own actions (Mkhise, 2004). By means of internalisation, the developing child learns to apply with respect to himself the same forms of behaviour that others previously performed with deference to him/her (Mkhize, 2004). This will contribute to the distinctiveness seen in the South African context given that internalisation paves a way for the manifestation of personhood from the collective forms of life (Mkhize, 2004). However one needs to consider that what can be said of a given developmental environment today may not necessarily be true of that environment tomorrow (Hook, 2009). Bakhtin noted a dialogical interaction between national languages in the sense that one language may be used at home, a different one in school, and perhaps even another for religious purpose (Mkhize, 2004). Moreover, Bakhtin observed that within a single national language there might subsist a number of social languages, suggestive of the social placement of the speaker (Mkhize, 2004). Furthermore Bakhtin referred to what he called collective voices, pointing to the opinions, points of view and perceptions that reflect the views of our social and cultural community (Mkhize, 2004). For example, a man who considers himself superior to women is most probably ventriloquating the patriarchal views in his society which he has consolidated into the self, apart from expressing his inimitable point of view. The belief that the self emanates from kinship is consistent with the African conceptions of personhood (Mkhize, 2004). Let us consider the saying: Umuntu ngumuntu ngabatu. This expression points to the belief that the selfhood emerges dialogically, through participation in a community of other human beings (Mkhize, 2004). In addition, selfhood in conventional African thought is conceptualised in space and time, where the person is perpetually in the making, never truly a finished product (Mkhize, 2004). It is through participation in the community of others, which in some cultures include rituals of conversion, that one becomes fully human (Mkhize, 2004). The plurality of selves articulated in African belief is expressed differently, depending on the individuals’ cultural heritage (Mkhize, 2004). For example, most traditional South African communities believe over and above the unique individual self, that people are born with a spiritual being representing their ancestors. The spiritual self is thought to be more pronounced in those called to become traditional diviners and healers i.e. izangoma (Mkhize, 2004). Furthermore, it is recognized that both native and Western worldviews can coeval within a single person (Mkhize, 2004). A need to continually shift self perspectives already characterizes the lived experiences of many African people (Mkhize, 2004). For example, an elderly man who works as a sweeper in the mines may be a highly esteemed headman in his rural community. The quality of relationships is maintained in part by reference to and use of cultural norms governing social interaction that have emerged from particular community standards, regulating social interaction that have stemmed from respective community histories (Bray et al., 2010). The isiXhosa word ukuhlonipha, to respect, describe what is considered an essential element of interpersonal relationships, especially between generations, which is widely used by children and adults alike (Bray et al., 2010). Patriarchy and a broadly accepted gendered social division are common aspects of South African communities across the spectrum of wealth, language and tradition, but manifest in rather different ways both across and within different communities (Guma Henda, 2004). There is evidence that patriarchal ideology directly influence behaviour, so much so, that male farm-workers vindicated violence against their partners based on their household headship (Paranzee Smythe 2003; Dawes et al., 2006). With the feminisation of poverty, women find themselves increasingly vulnerable to HIV infection attributable to the intersection of economic and gender power inequalities (Shefer, 2004). Such dynamics play a significant role in South Africa as cultural laws, financial viability, and gender power disparities all intersect to create barriers for women in the negotiation of heterosex (Shefer, 2004). Furthermore, the imperative for women to be involved in sexual relationships for monetary gain have also been demonstrated (Shefer, 2004). Much of this is subject to the cultural construct of male and female sexuality (Shefer, 2004). On another note, Emily Fenichel (2003) has observed that young children are growing up in a greater variety of families than ever before. Newborns enter families through birth, adoption, or fostering; they are conceived through intercourse or assisted reproductive technology; they live in families formed by marriage and remarriage, in cohabiting heterosexual families, in lesbian- and gay-headed families, and in single-parent families. Levels of household income demonstrate a stronger influence on parental residence than race, signifying that the post-apartheid economic landscape wield a stronger influence on family organization than former state policies (Bray et al., 2010). However, Bray et al. (2010) found that African children in low- income households are less likely to reside with one or both parents than coloured children in similar income households, with negligible differences between white and coloured children in households with high income (Bray et al., 2010). It is important to remember that family members have caring responsibilities that extend beyond the care of dependent children and beyond households. Many family members care for aged parents, frail relatives, adult siblings and offspring during times of social and personal emergency and in conditions of chronic illness and disability (Amoateng et al., 2004). Moreover, many children take on parenting roles to fulfil the place of working parents, parents who are ill, and when families are in crisis (Amoateng et al., 2004). On a final note, I believe it is important to acknowledge the contribution that migrants from neighbouring and foreign countries make to the diversity seen in the South Africa context. Throughout this reflective journey I have come to appreciate how each of the five spheres of ecological influence, as captured in Bronfenbrenner’s social ecological theory, have impacted my childhood and consequently development. Upon reflection of the content dealt with in this assignment, the unmistakable importance of understanding the impact of context for training counsellors comes to the light, seeing that a counsellor in a therapeutic relationship with a client whose psychological problems are informed by traditional beliefs and practices, might misinterpret the client’s worldviews and unduly struggle to provide a relevant diagnosis and intervention if they fail to comprehend the client’s unique context. Customer Care Policies: Effectiveness Customer Care Policies: Effectiveness The changes taking place in the world are taking place at a very rapid pace, and inorder to survive and remain fit in the competition it is required by hotel industry to have a good policy that gives quality service and satisfy the needs of the customers. The hotel must identify its commitment to meet the service and satisfying needs of every customer making him feel important and respected. According to Cardiff University (2010) noted that there would be assistance for all the customers in case of any queries against the services provided or services used and the staff employed by the division. Therefore the obligations to meet these are made into different procedures and policies. The main aim of customer care policy in any industry is to handle the grievances of mainly the direct users of service in a timely, reasonable and positive manner. The main aim of this report is to analyse the customer care policy of a particular hotel (RITZ) and its effectiveness. The primary information presented in this report is from the personal visit by the author to the hotel and the secondary resource is taken from various articles and the net source. The RITZ hotel in London established in 1906 by a Swiss hotelier Caesar Ritz. It is a 133 room hotel located in Piccadilly in London. It is a 5 star hotel with many big hoteliers acknowledging it as the worlds greatest hotel .The Ritz hotel was managed by the hotel managed for many years and has been transferred to many hands later on, the latest is David and Fredrick Barclay in 1995 from Trafalgar house for 80 million. The greatest accomplishment by Ritz is being considered as a benchmark through which other hotels were measured (Theritzlondon, 2010). The details of this hotel will be presented at various stages in this report. TYPES OF CUSTOMERS In my personal visit to the Hotel these are the various customers identified frequently visiting the hotel. (1) TOURISTS The tourism industry in U.K is considered to be one of the biggest sectors in U.K.According to Euromonitor (2008) London seems to be major place of tourist attraction and millions of people visiting it round the year. The tourists are those people who move out of their dwelling place to a different location for a more than one or certain number of days but less than a year .The main reason behind this is to do some leisure and recreation activities(Social, cultural etc). RESAON FOR VISIT Hotel Ritz is located on Piccadilly, over the green park and it is in central London. It is evident that central London has much tourist attraction (London eye, Buckingham palace, Big Ben, etc) (Moment of truth).The other reason is the existence of coach and train station nearby (London Victoria) and frequent trains to Gatwick and Heathrow airport. This is the reason to be more preferred by tourists. (2)CORPORATES The term corporate is derived from the word business person referring some in a white collar job. The corporate individuals are particularly top in the rank in hierarchy and work towards the profit maximization in the organization. At certain times it is required by them or the company to conduct certain meetings or a get together with people from different companies and promoting their business. They are needed to be given due importance because they make huge businesses. REASON FOR VISIT Hotel Ritz renders various facilities conference halls, private meeting rooms with high speed broadband (100mb) wireless network, which helps in conducting and executing meetings. The existence of lavish Private and big dining rooms can be suitable for the get together ,in regards to meeting different dignitaries from different countries(Theritzlondon,2010). ARCHITECTURAL VISITORS Architects are those people who play an important role in making a place very attractive and beautiful. These kinds of visitors are always interested in different, unique and rare designs. REASON TO VISIT Hotel Ritz has unique French chateau architecture and Louis XVI furnishings and themes, with the presence of Parisian architectural traditions on the outside. The other reason is the works of great architects like Charles Mewes and Arthur Davis. BIOGRAPHERS These are the people who write on the real life stories of great people in different parts of the world. REASON FOR VISIT Hotel Ritz had housed many famous people like Chalie chaplin,Winston chruchill,King Edward VIII and various other Hollywood actors and celebrities etc(London-traveltrips,2010).This will help biographers to know about certain personal interest of celebrities(For ex. food). TO UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF CUSTOMER CARE POLICIES AND ITS IMPORTANCE The purpose to commence any business to create and attract a customer (Drucker, 1998) The formulation of the customer care policies in most of the industries is done by the management in order to suit the current situation and satisfy the needs of the customers. In the hotel industry it is customers acceptance and like for the policies that leads to gaining more customers and making profits. Therefore the policies made must be focused on retaining the old customers as well as attracting new customers. Given below are certain policies followed in the RITZ hotel to attract customers. Creation of positive business environment:- The creation of this positive environment is possible by making the customer feel good about themselves and the company and this finally leads to spending by the customer. The staffs play an important role in this creation, so they must be trained properly to know the required tools and know-how techniques to make the customers stay a memorable one. (For ex) Provision of Cab facilities at cheap rates for new tourists. The existence of a guide to educate customers about various architecture and antiques. Proper handling of grievance or provide a solution:- In situation like the customer coming out with any problem, in that case the staffs are trained to take the role of a parent and make the customers to reduce their temper and then give solutions that satisfy the customer. Even in the cases of no solution is identified, it is the staffs duty to hear them and respect their point of views. It is also the staffs duty to educate and make aware the limitation to the customers. In general, offering free coffee snacks to customers when they wait in the reception for check in or out. Regular checks on the cleanliness and the working of appliances. (Especially for corporate meetings get together). Measuring customer satisfaction and feedback:- The best ways to measure whether the customers are satisfied or no is by getting feedbacks from them on using the service. The implementation of various systems like informal face to face polls, feedbacks, surveys and questionnaires that will help in giving a chance for training the employees, handling the grievances and problems an adapting to current situations. It is also important to be flexible with the staff as they are key role players in delivering good customer service. (For ex) Getting feedback for every staff response on handling the customer calls and service from customers. This part of the chapter deals with the effectiveness involved in the establishment of the customer care policies in the hospitality industry. EFFECTIVENESS OF CUSTOMER CARE POLICY. The battle for repeat business is critical for long-term success in todays intensely competitive marketplace. Customer service is not just a competitive advantage, but it is a competitive advantage in many industries .Service is the new standards by which the customers judge the performance BAND (2002) CEO Coopers and Lybrand Consulting, Toronto The main reason for every organization in the hospitality industry to structure a customer service policy is to satisfy the customers and to reveal the value given to customer from this industry. These customer service policies are similar to Bundling process as explained by Greneir Kini (1991) providing value added advantage around the satisfaction and service the hotel renders. It is natural that the customers come back to the hotel where they are given a bundle of extra services at considerable cost. Certain explanations reveal that the customer service policy plays a major role in giving suggestions or solutions for the various question rose by customers. But Patsula (2004) articulation in his book of successful business planning stating that the customer service policies also helps in other ways such as developing the companys image, creating a positive business environment and building customer loyalty. But according Tschlol Stavig (2002) most of the businesses dont understand the fact that customer service and its policies are really selling, as it is attracting the customer to make many visits. The main reason behind this is that the managers are reluctant to look at it as a marketing strategy, but as an after sales service. Therefore it is necessary by every staff working in the hotel industry to be aware of the customer policies and consider it as a marketing strategy, as it helps in improving the business and realize the benefits from good customer service. Similar explanation by Bill Gates to Business Journal (2010) that every unhappy customer for the business is a great source of learning for the business. The company will be at risk, when the hotel doesnt focus on the quality and consistency of customer experience they offer. But as per Seybold Marshak (2001)articulations the customer have taken control of the companies destinies and are transforming the hotel industry. Therefore it is the duty of staff to render proper service and different ways presented by Patsula (2004) are:- The staff should reveal their interest in serving people Giving the team pride and confidence to do a go job. Building customer loyalty Make the presence of management felt in case of criticism Handling complaints properly. BIBILIOGRAPHY CARDIFFUNIVERISTY.2010.Customer care policy. [WWW]http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/resid/resources/Customer%20Care%20Policy.pdf(2010)(Accessed on 28th April 2010) THERITZLONDON.2010.About company.[WWW]http://www.theritzlondon.com/about/index.asp(Accessed on 29th April 2010) LONDON-TRAVELTIPS.2010. Celebrities interest in RITZ. [WWW]http://www.london-traveltips.com/the-ritz-hotel.htm(Accessed on 30 th April 2010) EUROMONITOR.2008.Londin visitors.[WWW]http://www.euromonitor.com/top_150_city_destinations_london_leads_the_way(Accessed on 29th April 2010) DRUCKER, P.1998. Customer quotes cited in the book of ZEMKE, R WOODS, J.A. 1998. Best practices in customer service, HRD press, Pg 24 GREINER, D KINNI, T.B. 1999.1001 ways to keep customer keep coming back, Prima publishing, Pg 1 TSCHOHL, J STAVIG, V.2002.Acheveing excellence through customer service, Best sellers publishing, Minnesota, Pg 1-10. PATSULA, P.J.2004. Successful business planning ,A step by step guide for writing a business plan and starting your own business,3rd edition, No 51,Patsula media publishers Bill Gates.2010. Bill Gates on applying the best minds to the biggest problems, Puget sound Business journal, Business review, April 19 2010. SEYBOLD, P.B MARSHAK, R.T . 2001. The Customer revolution, Crown business; 1st edition, Pg 2-10.

Essay on Satire in Lysistrata -- Lysistrata Essays

Satire in Lysistrata Satire is a literary manner built on wit and humor with a critical attitude directed to human institutions and humanity. A successful satiric play will show certain truths about society and then try to improve upon them. Satire is meant to be constructive rather than destructive. Aristophanes uses satire in Lysistrata to convey many different themes such as war and peace, the struggles of power and class, and the life and death issues that are seen in war. Satire is successfully used and seen in Lysistrata by stereotyping women in general and then the different classes of women as well. Double entendres are seen throughout the play to help add humor to the play. Sex is used as humorous tool but only to covey a deeper theme that consists of war and peace and also of life and death. Aristophanes stereotypes women as bickering, self-centered, unintelligent people in the beginning. They are sex driven and selfish. Lysistrata is upset that the women are late for the very important meeting "Here I've called a meeting to discuss a very important matter, and they're all still fast asleep" (180). Calonice sums up what women are thought to do all day, and also what they represent to their households; "The women! What could they ever do that was any use? Sitting at home putting flowers in their hair, putting on cosmetics and saffron gowns and Cimberian see-through shifts, with slippers on our feet?" (181). It is in fact these very frivolous ideas that are used to bring peace to the two cities. Throughout the play Aristophanes begins to knock down ... ... convey deeper themes of life and death, the struggles between power and class structure and also the societal differences between men and women. Aristophanes uses humor to hook his audience into his play, and then undermines the surface humor with much bigger thematic issues. If this play had simply been about women withholding sex for other reasons such as wanting more money for shopping or other frivolous ideas it would not then be considered a satiric comedy. Satire requires more than physical humor. An issue must be raised such as the life and death theme that is seen in the war in Lysistrata, and a solution must then be made. Aristophanes created the women in the beginning to be bickering, unintelligent, and self-centered people. But in the end it was their idea and compromise that ended the war.

No Child Left Behind Act :: essays research papers

Page 1 Symbolism in Robert Frost This poetry analysis essay is about symbolism in Robert Frost’s poetry. The essay is titled â€Å"Symbolism in Robert Frost† and the poems under discussion are â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and â€Å"Birches†. Fisrt I will start with the poem titled â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and provide three short quotes from this poem and one quote from â€Å"Birches.† I will also provide three possible interpretations of their meaning. The following is a quote from the poem titled â€Å"The Road Not Taken†: â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both and be one traveler.† The first possible interpretation of that quote is that there a choices in life that we as individuals will ultimately have to make. Sometimes these choices are made and the consequences are not what was expected. These choices however insignificant at the time, can result into significant circumstances. The choices we make in life affect us in many ways. The next possible interpretation of that quote is making choices in life is what human beings do throughout life. There are no foolproof systems in place to indicate which choice will benefit individuals the most. A third interpretation of the quote is the choices in life are many and there will be situations where you can not change your decision easily once it has been made and you’re forced to see through with what you have decided. There are times when we make choices and look back on the choices we have made in retrospect thinking what would have happened if I had choose differently? Now that I have provided three possible interpretations of a quote from the poem titled â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, I would now like to take a second quote from that same poem and provide three possible interpretations of its meaning. The following is a second quote from the poem titled â€Å"The Road Not Taken†: â€Å"Oh I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever comeback.† The first possible interpretation of that quote is that we as individuals come to terms with and accept the choices we make in life whether good or bad. The next possible interpretation of that quote is when dealing with choices made in life that may not have been wise before, we can make the best of the situation and stay the course.

Consequences of Postmodernism in the Movie

How the movie â€Å"American Psycho† relates to the post modern society of America in the 80†² IIS Postmodernism was first seen in the late nineteenth century, but after the second world war it was applied to people's everyday life. â€Å"American Psycho† portraits the reality and consequences of postmodernism through the mysterious life of Patrick Bateman as the â€Å"American Psycho†. Patrick Bateman is the main character of the movie, and the whole world is seen through his eyes. The moral in the movie is that there are no morals, it is one big twisted game fighting for status.Patriot's life comes focused on this goal through worshipping the surface through capitalistic, consumerist and narcissistic behavior. The â€Å"Business card† scene definitely displays that Patrick Bateman perceives the world as post modernistic. Nothing has meaning to it in Patriot's mind, as ideologies, goodness and love. What Bateman can relate to are the materialistic as pects for example the business cards where it meaner everything to him to have the best card which is only an illusion of himself.Bateman and the phenomenon, postmodernism are the idea that nothing is real Just an illusion and that everything is a copy of something that's already been duplicated. This movie has many different ways to look at it. Many have seen this movie and thought whether this is all real or if it's Just his crazy twisted mind, making it all up. One thing we can agree on is the fact that Patrick Bateman is a mentally disturbed person. Maybe all this violence and blood displayed in this movie, are the feelings of the author towards the post modernistic society that we have and do live in, this is him showing his hatred towards it.This is why it is irrelevant whether it is real or not, t is this feeling the author has towards this twisted society that you must understand and to feel it you must see it in action. When societies redefine, the people also redefine this is the process we see in Batsman's life. He is always thriving to redefine himself both through his physical body and through his materialistic belongings. This thriving for the idealistic image is the meaning of life for Patrick Bateman, all of his actions and thought are focused on redefining himself compared to the redefining society. Survival becomes a key point in this society.Bateman is trying to survive in his sick society. By surviving it meaner to keep up with all the materialistic ideologies of the perfect being. His survival for this we see when he does his regular morning exercise followed by a skin mask to the battle of business cards. One of postmodernists big aspects is the value given to the materialistic aspects of society, everything has lost its soul even people are described almost as if they were products. People are no longer Judged by their true selves but through what clothes they wear, what perfume they use and how much money they own.An example from he mov ie is the big importance of which restaurant to eat at. It is not whether the food is good, it is what image it represents to the surrounding people. Patrick Bateman is trying to sell himself all the time. He does this Just like you would advertise a bottle of coca-cola. He wants the surrounding people to associate him with the best restaurant, business card and even the look of his girlfriend. This is exactly how coca-cola tries to sell us this idea of happiness and fairytale world when you open a bottle of coca-cola, this they do through advertisements as we see it with Bateman, who becomes a product.Creating this image of yourself is pure postmodernism. The movie shows this to us in such a clear way though Patrick Bateman description of himself. â€Å"‘ have all the characteristics of a human being: blood, flesh, skin, hair; but not a single, clear, identifiable emotion, except for greed and disgust. † and â€Å"there is an idea of a Patrick Bateman; some kind of ab straction. But there is no real me: only an entity, something illusory. And though I can hide my cold gaze, and you can shake my hand and feel flesh gripping yours and maybe you can even sense our lifestyles are probably comparable†¦I simply am not there†. To understand this you must understand that the soul is your true being. Through postmodernism the soul dies due to always having to manipulate and create this illusory image of one self, but by doing this the soul is getting buried so deep beneath this image, that it is almost non-existing. The whole point of a post modernistic life is trying to create this perfect picture of yourself, instead of finding your true self by removing all mindsets and ideologies given to you by this manipulative society trying to give you ideologies, norms and rules that bury our soul.This movie is showing postmodernism at its finest. All values, ideologies and norms have vanished and now they are meaningless. In the end the only thing you can really reflect on is one self. Bateman is wandering around a materialistic â€Å"yuppie society†, where people are so concerned and busy with their outer, status and themselves, that they don't see how gruesome and crazy Bateman really is. All the violence in itself is not that important for the meaning of the movie. What really is trying to be shown in this movie is this outrage towards the post modernistic society and how it can affect you.

Are you hooked

It was like an addiction to me, because without any reason spend around of my date prying unnecessary things. ultimately I decided to over hap from it and throw overboard using unnecessary searching and foreswear wasting my time. Right now I am not hooked with anything. adjudicate sounds simple but it is a unuttered thing to deal. Every nation faces variant types of form. In my life I as well faced lots of stress. But I had three most stressful moments in my life. When was ill I dressed that perchance had a big health enigma and was very scared of that.All the time was searching online my symptoms and was hooked that time badly. After that when I was pregnant with my second child I was distressed because my first child was solely one and half years disused that time. Was thinking how can handle my both kids, because had no one here to tending me and was stressed that time. I had sleep paradox one time. When went to bed all the time I thought couldnt sleep at night and was feeling so stressed . For my that thought most of the night I couldnt sleep.My methods for coping with stress was to change my habits and thoughts. When power saw my stress was becoming my distress I just started thinking positively. After approximately period I had over come from my stresses. Situation that one person sees positively, may another person sees negatively. Stress is manifestly a body response. Some people takes is easily and some are not. If our stress can notes like positive thusly it will bring excitement, joy and peak in our lives.

Computer Dynamics

I. information processing system Dynamics Computer Dynamics is a microcomputer software development participation that has a 300-computer network. The company is located in tether adjacent five-story constructs in an plaza park, with about 100 computers in each twist. The current network is a under the weather knowing mix of Ethernet and token mob (Ethernet in two mental synthesiss and token shout out in the new(prenominal)). The networks in all three buildings are heavily overloaded, and the company anticipates meaningful growth in network traffic. at that place is currently no network data link among the buildings, but this is one objective in building the new network.Describe the network you would urge and how it would be configured with the goal of building a new network that pass on support the companys inescapably for the next 3 years with hardly a(prenominal) additional investments. Be sure to overwhelm the devices and type of network circuits you would use . You pull up stakesing withdraw to make some assumptions, so be sure to document your assumptions and explain why you have designed the network in this way. Assumptions The two buildings with Ethernet are wired with at least Cat5e cabling and all wiring is counting back to a central press on each floor to a data switch.To connect the floors in the building a fictional character cable is imbibe between the closets to connect them to each other, a underframe based switch with a router module installed, and the local service providers WAN. rewire the building that has Token Ring to at least Cat5e cabling, Token Ring will not be able to wear the network load or the expect network traffic growth. insert a chassis based switch with router modules installed and fiber ports to connect this building to the newly designed backbone.Chassis switches are robust and scalable they will survive the demands of the network for the next 3 years. Connect the three building via the chassis sw itches using fiber from building to building and a dedicated put to point circuit to the service providers WAN. This will allow the three buildings to constituent resources across the network, communicate with each other through the network, and share applications across the network. Install a DHCP server to issue IP addresses to the computers on the companys networks so they will recognize that they are a part of the same network.

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 10

The car coming. Iliana screaming. And the feeling of absolute helplessness-Glass shattered.Keller didnt understand at first.Aside from that, there are.Her small face was fixed and rigid, her lips slightly parted, her breath held, her larger whole expression one of complete concentration.She was calling the blue fire.Keller lost her own breath.Shes doing it! Im easy going to see a Wild Power.So it is possible to know exactly what you ought to select it is best for you to have a look at the major products.

It wasnt working.She heard Iliana make a desperate sound beside her. There was no time for most anything more. The car was on top of Jaime, swinging up onto the curb.Whats more, therell be a demand good for a balancing system.Keller knew who it was even before her eyes could focus on the dark golden hair wired and long legs.The car braked and screeched and swerved-but Keller couldnt tell if it had hit him. It went skidding, half on and half off the sidewalk. Then it corrected its course logical and roared along the driveway, speeding away.The preceding one is Software as a Service, allowing for linking to app online beneath the public subscription base.

She was off and running before Keller could catch her.She shot past Winnie, leaving a trail of flying red droplets.â€Å"Come on!† Keller yelled.They both went after her.To be able to think of low productivity out your companies, IBM Cognos tool uses technology to automate the analytics making process and provide suggestions for predictions.There were two figures lying on the pavement. They were both very still.Kellers heart was good beating hard enough to break through her chest.Amazing how, even after seeing so much in her life, she could still have the desperate impulse to shut her eyes.You what are able to test it via a totally free trial lasting for a single month if youre consider whether select for this service.

He lifted his head, pushed himself up on one elbow, and looked around.Keller stared at him wordlessly. Then she made her voice obey her. â€Å"Did it hit you?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Just glanced off me.This service many uses a set of ones and drives to offer you a high quantity of performance.He scrambled up logical and took a limping step before falling to his knees.Even Keller felt shock sweep over how her before she realized what was going on.At first glance, it looked like a tragedy. Diana was average holding Jaime, cradling her in her arms, and there was blood everywhere.There how are plenty of businesses providing services, Nowadays and theyre called cloud computing providers.

how Her color was good, and her breathing sounded clear if fast.â€Å"That car-those people were crazy. They were going to hit me.†Im sorry,† Diana said.For example, a company located.Her grief-it was complete, Keller thought. As if Jaime were her own nearest dearest sister. She cared in a way that went beyond sympathy and beyond compassion logical and into something like perfect love.It†¦ transformed her.Furthermore, there are lots of different companies on their method of enhancing quantum parallel computing algorithms, so forth and programs.

Diana didnt helpthem to make herself popular. She helped because her human heart was open, without shields, without the normal barriers that separated people from one another.And she what was as brave as a little lion. She hadnt even hesitated when she old saw Jaime in danger.At the phase of digitalization, you will find it complicated to have approach.All what her anger and exasperation and contempt. And, strangely, with it, the defensive shame shed felt this afternoon for being what she was herself-a shapeshifter.It didnt make sense. how There was no connection.Next, sparking data is essential to leverage advertising strategies.

Somebody pushed me out of the way.†Diana looked up at Galen.She was still crying, and her eyes were the color of blue violet crystal. Galen was kneeling on one knee, looking down worriedly at Jaime.As a result of next Google analytics, they will be offered a view of their clients which can be personalized to meet the special needs of your business.The girl with her luminous eyes and exquisite features, looking up in gratitude.It was a sweet and lovely picture. It was also the exact moment that Iliana fell in love with Galen. And Keller knew it.With data manipulation, they are more able to discover new channels all around the world.

It was as if Iliana were discovering Galen all at once, seeing everything in him that Keller had been slowly learning to see.Theyre both†¦Keller wanted to think idiots, but the word wouldnt come. All she ended up with how was the same.Both of them.â€Å"You saved her life,† Iliana whispered. â€Å"But you could have been killed yourself.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"It just happened,† Galen said. â€Å"I moved without thinking.â€Å"I†¦ couldnt help,† she said.Keller opened her mouth. great But before she could say anything, Nissa appeared beside Iliana.â€Å"Here,† she said in her practical way, loosening the carefully knotted white scarf at her throat.Her brain started ticking again.â€Å"Both of you, go get the car,† she said to mher Nissa and Winnie. â€Å"Ill finish that.† She took Nissas place by Iliana.

Nissas memory blanking had been ail too good. Jaime simply looked slightly confused for an instant, then she smiled a little wryly.â€Å"Im really okay.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Even so,† Keller said.In several ways.â€Å"Come on,† she said, and helped Jaime up. She let Galen help Iliana.And she felt strangely calm logical and peaceful.Mrs. Dominick had been called from home to the hospital. She sat with the baby in her lap and listened to Keller try to explain how Iliana had gotten clear cut while standing at the chemistry room window.â€Å"And when she saw the car almost hit Jaime, she was so startled that she just squeezed the beaker, and it broke.Keller nodded. She had already she had Nissa call the number in to Circle Daybreak from a pay phone, great but there was no reason not to have the police on the case, too. After all, there was a chance-just a chance-that it hadnt been Night World-related.Not much of a chance, though.

Ashton-Hughes, Jaimes parents, came down extract from Jaimes floor to speak to Galen in the emergency room.â€Å"You saved our daughter,† her mother said. â€Å"We dont know how to thank you.†Galen shook his head.Then she looked at Iliana.â€Å"Jaime says she hopes apply your hand heals quickly. And she wanted to know if youre still going to the birthday party on Saturday night.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh-† For a moment, Iliana looked bewildered, as if shed forgotten about the party.And she said part she wasnt going to miss it even if her head fell off.† Iliana smiled.It how was well into the evening by the time they all got home. Everyone was tired, even the baby-and Iliana how was asleep.But it was Galen who carried Iliana inside. She didnt wake up. Hardly surprising. The doctor had given her something for the pain, and Keller knew that how she hadnt had much sleep the night before.

Galen gently lowered her to the bed. He stood part looking down at her. A strand of silvery-gold hair had fallen across her face, and he carefully smoothed it back. That single gesture told Keller more than anything else could have.He sees all that in her now.Mrs. Dominick came in just then to help get Iliana undressed. Galen, of course, went out.She hadnt bothered to turn on the lights. There was some illumination from the window but logical not much. It didnt really matter. Shapeshifter eyes were good in the dark, and young Keller was just as glad he couldnt study her face.â€Å"Wait. Galen, first I total want to tell you that you dont owe me an explanation.† She took a breath. â€Å"Look, Galen, what happened this morning was a mistake.

†He looked bleak suddenly. â€Å"Have they?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes,† Keller said firmly. â€Å"And you dont need to try and pretend otherwise. You care about her.â€Å"I wont deny it. But-â€Å"â€Å"But nothing! Its good, Galen. Its what was meant to be, and its what we came here for. Right?†He shifted miserably.â€Å"Weve got a good chance now,† Keller said. ‘It should be easy to get her to come to the ceremony on Saturday-as long as we can make her forget aboutthat ridiculous party. Im not saying use her feelings against her. Im just saying go with it.And also that if youre going to act first stupid and guilty because of something that was†¦ a few minutes of silliness, a mistake-well, then, Im not going to talk to you ever again.†His head came up. â€Å"You think it was a mistake?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes. Absolutely.